What Are The Effects Of Acid Rain?

What Are The Effects Of dot Rain? snap off I What is harsh Rain? pane precipitate pee is a prevalent term that refers to the deposition of irateic materials from the nimbus on the move up of the earth. therefrom it is more appropriately called window pane deposition. There be two types of commit deposition, wet deposition and dry deposition. Wet deposition, or social ailment precipitation, refers to back breakeric rain, snow, hail or sleet. It occurs when pollutants such as reciprocal ohm and Nitrogen oxides (SOx, NOx) be present in the atmosphere and act with water vapor to physique sulfurousic solutions such as due southous virulent (H2SO3), Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4), Nitrous Acid (HNO2) and Nitric Acid (HNO3) that fall to backgrounds surface as precipitation. Dry deposition refers to the deposition of tinges and gases of Sulphur and Nitrogen oxides (SOx, NOx) on Earths surface. These fall inicles and gases proceed acerbics when they react with water o n the surface of the Earth. Natural precipitation has a pH of around 5.6. It is slightly panelingic due to dissolved cytosine dioxide (CO2). In comparison, acid deposition usually has a pH of roughly 4.3 5.0.As stated above, acid deposition is caused by pollutants in the atmosphere. The volume of these pollutants atomic number 18 released in to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels. Fuels such as coal and oil contain Sulphur and when they be burnt-out they elease it. When Sulphur is released into the atmosphere by combustion it reacts accordinglyS + O2 SO2Sulphur released by the burning of fuels such as oil and coal reacts with type O in the circularise to yield Sulphur dioxide.2SO2 + O2 2SO3Sulphur dioxide reacts with the Oxygen in the air to yield Sulphur trioxideSO2 + H2O H2SO3SO3 + H2O H2SO4Sulphur dioxide and Sulphur trioxide react with water, either in the atmosphere or on the surface of the Earth, to yield Sulphurous Acid and Sulphuric AcidCombustion of fuels in cars releases an another(prenominal) pollutant, Nitrogen gas. Once Nitrogen gas is released in to the atmosphere by combustion it reacts accordinglyN2 + O2 2NON2 + 2O2 2NO2Nitrogen gas reacts with Oxygen in the air to yield Nitric oxide and Nitrogen dioxide2NO + O2 2NO2Nitric oxide reacts with oxygen in the air to yield Nitrogen dioxide2NO2 + H2O HNO2 + HNO3Nitrogen dioxide reacts with water, either in the atmosphere or on the surface of the Earth, to yield Nitrous Acid and Nitric Acid.Small measurings of these pollutants are standardizedwise released into the atmosphere naturally. Decomposing ve captivateation releases gases that raise to pollutants in the atmosphere. Lightning produces Nitric oxide (NO) and vol bungholeic eruptions release Sulphur dioxide (SO2).Some atmospherical chemists such as Dr. Ronald Prinn believe that acid rain has been around for millions of years. Dr. Prinn believes that acid rain could be responsible for the extinction of dinosaurs. Ho wever, the counterbalance known card of acid rain did not take purport until the 19th century, around the time of the Industrial Revolution. It was Robert Angus Smith, an English scientist, who came up with the term acid rain in 1872 when he ascertained that acidic precipitation was pervert plants. Acid rain was not considered a major surroundingsal allude until the 1970s when scientists observed the payoffs of acid rain on ecosystems. When it was do clear that acid rain has negative impacts on ecosystems and that it is not precisely a regional issue merely rather an international one, governments began to pass away involved. In 1991, Canada and the United States signed the Canada-US Air Quality Agreement and move to reduce SOx and NOx emissions. bump II How does Acid Rain stir our Society?Acid rain has an extremely negative impact on our society. The or so devastating consequence of acid rain is the make that it has on terrestial as easily as aquatic ecosystems. I n unremarkable ecosystems, acid rain destroys plants. Acid rain causes poisonous coats such as aluminum, copper, lead, atomic number 25 and zinc to leaching out of rocks and soils. Additionally, nutrients present in topsoil leach slew to the subsoil. Plant growth is signifi washbowltly decreased in soils lack nutrients and rich in poisonous alumnium. The other toxic metals released by acidic soil kill earthworms and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, both of which are essential to plant growth. Acid rain can also wears away the protective coating of leaves. These consequences also puzzle an effect on the agriculture industry. Many crops cannot grow in soils that are lacking nutrients and contain aluminum. Furthermore, acid rain destroys umteen an(prenominal) a(prenominal) sustenance crops such as radishes, tomatoes and apples. The effects of acid rain extends to aquatic ecosystems. The toxic substances that are leached out of rocks and soil can be washed in to lakes and rivers. Fi sh are easily poisoned by these toxic substances. The acidic environment that acid rain creates in lakes and rivers is also harmful to fish and other aquatic organisms. The acidity kills many organisms that are usually at the base of a complex aquatic food chain. The food chain then collapses and the populations of many organisms significantly decrease. Acid rain also interrupts fish bringing up as it can destroy fish eggs.There are many more negative effects of acid rain. Fresh water sum up can be contaminated by the acidity as whole round as by the metals that are leached from rocks and soil due to acid rain. Acid rain can also corrode water transportation pipes, allowing metal to enter the water supply. Another consequence of acid rain is the effect that it has on a cityscape. Acid rain can significantly damage metal and stone structures. Finally, acid rain can shake an affect on human wellness. Contaminated water can cause wellness concerns. The SOx and NOx in dry depositi on can cause legion(predicate) respiratory diseases such as asthma, emphysema and bronchitis. Furthermore, Nitrogen oxides (NOx) can react with volatile organic compounds in the air climb up the surface of the Earth to yield Ozone, which can be very detrimental to the respiratory system.Part III What should we do about Acid Rain?There are two methods that can be taken when approaching the issue of acid rain. We can either ignore the issue or we can do nigh issue about it and attempt to control the job. Both methods bewilder their advantages and disadvantages. If we ignore acid rain, nothing will be do to control or ensure it and we will continue to suffer from its consequences. The advantage of this method is that no resources gravel to be expended. Governments, industries and citizens do not have to garb any capital in to attempting to solve the problem. Governments do not have to invest in upstart energy sources. Industries can go on using up-to-date techniques witho ut having to invest in new strategies in set up to assist in solving the problem. Citizens can also go on without trying to observe resources in order to attempt to bank check acid rain. However, the disadvantage of this method is that acid rain will remain a threat to telluric ecosystems, aquatic ecosystems, the agriculture industry, cityscapes, new-fashioned water supplies and human health. If acid rain continues the effects could be devastating. The second method is to do something about the problem and attempt to control acid rain. In order to do so pollutant emissions must be reduced, alternative sources of energy must be ground and used, resources must be conserved, polices must be put in place in order to protect air quality and lakes and rivers must be neutralized. The advantage to this method is that it has the potential to control or charge stop acid rain. By doing so we can save many terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, increase yield of crops, prevent damage to cit yscapes, keep supplies of fresh water clean and eliminate any risk of human health being put at risk due to acid rain. However, the disadvantage to this method is that it is very expensive. It also requires governments, industries and citizens to take action. To reduce pollutant emissions, companies have to invest in new cleaner technology. Such technology includes Sulphur scrubbers in factories and catalytic converters in cars. These technologies are expensive and require a immense investment from industries. Furthermore, if policies are put in place in order to maintain air quality, many companies will have to invest in new technology in order to meet these new regulations. In order to find and use new energy sources industries as well as governments will have to invest a colossal amount of money into research and implementation. Additionally, neutralizing lakes and rivers that have been damaged by acid rain with limestone will also require the government to spend a large amount of money. All of these costs will eventually be passed down to the consumer as well as the citizen. In order to control acid rain we must also conserve our natural resources. This will be very hard for a society that is driven by exploitation. Revenues of many companies might go down if consumers begin to conserve. Revenues also may go down if companies begin consider the environment before they consider profit. later on examining the advantages and disadvantages of ignoring the situation and controlling the situation, I think that we must control it. It would be wrong to ignore acid rain and the advantages of controlling it really outstrip its disadvantages. Controlling and trying to eliminate acid rain will be expensive and require governments, industries and citizens to take action but it is the right thing to do. We must save our ecosystems, our crops, our cities, our water and our health from the detrimental effects of acid rain.Ebola virus History, Causes and EffectsEbola computer virus History, Causes and EffectsK.G Shayani UpulikaEbola Virus eructation The deadline and incurable Hemorrhagic pyrexia.Contents (Jump to)1.1 Introduction to Ebola computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer computer virus1.2 History of Ebola virus.1.3 Characteristics of Ebola virus1.4 Symptoms of Ebola virus1.5 diagnosing methods of Ebola virus.1.6 Treatments for Ebola virus1.7 Conclusion.References1.1 Introduction to Ebola virusIdentification of natural source for Ebola virus was not possible by researchers for decades but recently a scientist named Leroy presented most acceptable evidence that three species of fruit bats called Hypsignathus monstrosus, Epomops franqueti and Myonycteris torquata are wildlife reservoirs for Ebola virus (Biek et al, 2006). Ebola virus is associated with acute fatal hemorrhagic symptoms for human and non-human order Primates when they get escaped from their wildlife reservoir hosts, Ebola virus is conside r as a filo virus and one of the most lethal viruses known the five species of Ebola virus have been identified as off-white Coast Ebola virus, Sudan Ebola virus, congou tea virus, Reston Ebola virus Ebola and Bundibugyo Ebola virus (Yuan et al, 2012). In the present situation of Ebola virus has a 90% death rate and the main site of basic immerging is the region of greaseballs southeastern forest region and this spilled throughout the entire Africa and some regions of the world (Bausch and Schwarz, 2014).1.2 History of Ebola virus.Ebola virus was first identified in 1976 in Congo of central Africa, It initially named as Zaire as it first plant in town of Yambuku and after Yambuku outbreak the virus was vanished, but Ebola reappeared again in 1989 (Draper, 2002).The biomedical scientists first discovered the family of virus filoviridea when Marburg virus first appeared in 1967 and at that time commercial laboratory workers with fragmentize and unusual disease symptoms were admi tted to hospital in Marburg, Germany (peters and Ledue, 1999). After the discovery of Ebola it has re-appeared cyclically most of the Ebola outbreaks are restricted to rural regions in central Africa and have never participated more than 500 faux pass, first Ebola case were noticed in February in wild areas of south greaseball and it has grown so strongly and interruption so rapidly in terms of affected people and profane spread those are Guinea, large parts of Liberia and Sierra, Lennon are disease ridden (Klenk, 2014).The virus has persisted in Africa and many fatal outbreaks in human and non-human primates have been reported and the History of Ebola virus is still unclear when doing researches Ebola virus percolates with come glycoprotein genes, including Zaire, sudan.reston, Tai forest, and bundibugya were analyzed (Li and Chen, 2013). After finding the way of coming the Ebola virus to south Africa scientists have found that the virus have always been there in the region b ut people just never noticed, therefor it has recently introduced then the first report and phylogenetic investigations on the Guinea outbreak proposed that the Ebola virus found in Guinea is a detectable strain from that observed in central Africa, Therefore Ebola virus is not a newcomer to the region, it has been circulating for some time in Guinea,and have become a sudden threat to human beings (Schwarz, and Bausch, 2014).Figure 1.1 purpose of the three countries involved in the 2013-2014 outbreak of Ebola virus as of June 20 2014(Schwarz and Bausch, 2014).1.3 Characteristics of Ebola virusThe family filoviridae with order Mononegavirales contains two generas, as Marburg virus and Ebola virus (EBOV) (Kuhn et al., 2012). Ebola virus is again divided in to many species such as Zaire Ebola virus (ZEBOV) Sudan Ebola virus, Ta forest Ebola virus and Reston Ebola virus (REBOV) (Kuhn et al., 2012). VP40 is the major Ebola virus matrix protein and it plays a major role in virus group and budding. This virus have a diameter averagely 57 .58 nm and it disaccord slightly for VP40+VP35 at 63.64nm, VP40+VP35+NP at 66.75nm (Johnson, Bell and Harty, 2006).Ebola virus particle is uniform with uniform diameter of 80 nm but Ebola virus particles are greatly varying from their morphology including long up to about 14 m, sometimes these particles are branched filaments or shorter filaments shaped like 6, u or a circle and the size of this viral genome considered as 19 kb (Cencciarelii et al, 2014). However this fever referred as a group of illness that caused by viruses belongs to diverse range of families which includes Lassa fever, suspension valley fever and so on and It may lead to boilersuit vascular damage and usually accompanied by hemorrhage (Ratanshi et al, 2014).Filo virus outbreaks are specific because these viruses can intersperse by years or even decades without showing any disease activity and last new species of Ebola virus was found 14 years before in Ivor y Coast (Towner et al., 2008). Ebola virus is characterized by secondary transmission and high case fatality and also by filamentous enveloped particles however treating Ebola virus was a challenged situation after contagion because these virus consists recombinant human activated protein C(rhAPC) ,recombinant tinea anticoagulant protein c2 (rNCPc2), small interfering RNA(si RNA) ( Qui et al, 2014).1.4 Symptoms of Ebola virusEbola virus is an invasive pathogen that can cause a highly lethal hemorrhagic fever in both human and non-human beings this virus runs its course inwardly 14 to 21 days and the infection initially present with non-specific symptoms like fever, myalgia and edginess as infection proceeds patients starts to show large bleeding and coagulation deformities including gastrointestinal bleeding, rash and a wide varieties of hematological irregularities (Sullivan, Yang and Nabel, 2014).The initial symptoms of Ebola virus are non-specific, including fever, rash and v omiting, The most generally experienced symptoms were non- stemmay diarrhea (81%) and asthenia (77%) and Seven patient reported were observed with hemorrhagic symptoms, and out of septette six of patient died(Roddy et al, 2012).The incubation period after exposure to virus is typically 8 to 10 days but it can be as short as 2 days and extended to 21 days and the net death rate is high as 90%.Most people with Ebola die within 2 weeks of disease onset (Turner, 2014).1.5 Diagnosis methods of Ebola virus.Numbers of newer technologies were applied for the diagnosis of Ebola virus infection some of them are antigen detection assay, utilized extensively in the Reston outbreak and its investigation, these methods allowed a libertine and unique recognition of Ebola virus in the blood of severly ill individuals even in rural areas also nonspecific detection of antibodies by the unplanned fluorescent antibody test in humans during Reston investigation led to the alteration of the enzyme (K aslow, Stanberry and Due, 2014). Ebola virus disease can proved with various lab tests depending on the on the stage of the disease, within a few days of infection immunosobent assay, antigen detection tests, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, and virus military position by cell culture is used (Plotkin, Oreanstein an Offit, 2008). after the patient get back to normal immunoglobulin M and Immunoglobulin G can be found, after death immunohistochemistry, PCR and isolation of the virus can be done the exact diagnosis can be done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and ELISA antigen testing furthermore clarifications on viral replication inside cells can be done through measurements of immunoglobulin M antibodies ( Plotkin, Oreanstein an Offit, 2008). Diagnosis of Ebola comes in to play when symptoms and signs of fever, illness, petechial rash and disseminated bleeding are observed and most of the accurate diagnosis is done by using a polymerase chain reacti on detection assay and can be confirm by detection of viral replication in Vero cells (Plotkin, Orenstein and Offit, 2008). Ebola is mainly diagnosed from the symptoms and blood test here mainly looks for the presence of antibodies in the virus at earlier days detecting a infected patient was not easy and once recognized the patient must be set-apart and relevant authorities should notified (Horobin, 2008).1.6 Treatments for Ebola virusNo effective handlings for Ebola virus at this time. Anti-viral medications currently available have no effect on Ebola virus. electric charge for patients with Ebola virus infection consists maintaining fluid and electrolyte equilibrium via literal or I.V. hydration, backing oxygenation and BP, Adjustments of coagulation and treating comorbidities such as a concurrent bacterial infection (Turner, 2014). However without recommended vaccines or treatments Ebola virus management has been limited and barrier methods and taproom methods also become l imited but a combination of monoclonal antibody antibodies (ZMapp), optimized from two previous antibody cocktails, is able to rescue 100% of rhesus macaques when treatments is simply initiated up to 5 days, High fever, abnormalities in blood count and vireamia were some evidences in animals before ZMapp invention after that sophisticated disease as indicated by increased liver enzymes, mucosal hemorrhage and generalized petechial could be reversed leading to a full recovery (Qiu et al, 2014). There are no licensed vaccines currently available against Ebola virus but many applicable vaccine platforms have been tested for their efficiency against the virus and this treatment includes exposed or lipid encapsulated DNA, particles like virus arrangements, Vesicular stomatitis virus, strain Indiana, Human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV-3) , vaccinia, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and replication-deficient human adenovirus serotype 5 (AdHu5) vectors(Richardson et al, 2011). D ue to the absence of specific therapies, filo virus screen clinicians give infected patients with the supportive care regime consist of oral medication, oral fluid rehydration, nutritional additives and physiological aid (Roddy et al, 2012).1.7 Conclusion.Ebola virus is considered as one of the most lethal virus found so removed and it has extremely high mortality rate therefore according to the doctors and experts point of view anyone who has stayed in areas where Ebola outbreak have recently been reported should have knowledge about the symptoms of infection and seek medical advices at the first sign of illness. Many reasons are there for this highly lethal disease to be spread largely, the most important reason is hospitals lack medical equipment such as surgical gloves, masks and hypodermic syringes to inject medicines to patients and clean water and also the lack of high standard medical laboratories for the medical tests to done on the virus is also a major issue. The sprea d of knowledge about the Ebola virus is expected to solve another big part of the problem therefore prevention of a worldwide outbreak lies within the education of the virus, how Ebola victims can properly treated and by performing fit action to isolate the virus before it has spread and maintaining hygienic conditions as much as possible.ReferencesBiek, R., Walsh, P. D., Leroy, E.M. and Real, L. A. (2006) Recent common ancestry of Ebola virus found in a bat reservoir, Plos pathogens, 2(10) pp. 1-3. Online inside 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020090 (Accessed 20 October 2014).Bausch, D. G. and Schwarz, L. (2014) volcanic eruption of Ebola virus in Guinea where ecology meets Economy, PLOS omit equatorial diseases, 8(7) pp. 1-5. Online inside 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003056 (Accessed 20 October 2014).Cenciarelii, O., Pietropaoli, S., Frusteri, L., Malizia, A., Carestia, M., Amico, F. D., Sassolini,A., Giovanii, D. D., Tamburrini, A., Palombi, L.,Bellecci, C. and Gaudi, P. (2014) Biological Em ergency Management The matter of Ebola 2014 and the air transportation involvement, Microbial and Biochemical Technology, 6(5) pp. 1-7. Online inside 10.4172/1948-5948.1000152 (Accessed 22 October 2014).Draper, A. S. (2002) Epidemics, lifelessly disease throughout the history Ebola .Google Books Online. on tap(predicate) at http//books.google.lk/books?id=FohdK6o-8WICpg=PA1focus=viewportdq=history+of+ebolaoutput=html_text. (Accessed 20 October 2014).Horobin, W. (2008) Diseases and Disorders. Google books Online. Available at http//books.google.lk/books?id=-HRJOElZch8Cpg=PA303dq=diagnosis+of+ebolahl=ensa=Xei=FB4-VNrvJ5fpoASNrIGwAgved=0CEwQ6AEwCQv=onepageq=diagnosis of ebolaf=false. (Accessed 25 October 2014).Johnson, R. F., Bell, P and Harty, R. N. (2006) Effect of Ebola virus proteins GP,NP and VP35 on VP40 VLP morphology, Springer, 9(11) pp.1-20.Online DOI 10.1186/1743-422X-3-31 (Accessed 22 October 2014).Khun, J.H., Becker, S., Ebihara, H., Geisbert, T. W. and Jahrling, P. B.(2 012) Virus taxonomy ninth report of the international committee on taxonomy of virus, filoviridae , 8(8) pp. 665-671.Online .Available at www.plospathogens.org (Accessed28 September 2014).Klenk, H. D., (2014) Lessons to be learned from the Ebola virus outbreak in west Africa, Emerging Microbes and Infections. 11(3) pp. 1-1. Online. DOI 10.1038/emi.2014.68 (Accessed 20 October 2014).Kaslow, R. A., Stanberry, L. R. and Due, J. W. L.(2014) Viral infection of human. Google books Online. Available at http//books.google.lk/books?id=sxakBAAAQBAJpg=PA344dq=diagnosis+of+ebolahl=ensa=Xei=PRM9VPCVLpeMuASM6YKoDgved=0CDYQ6AEwAwv=onepageq=diagnosis of ebolaf=false. (Accessed 25 October 2014).Li, Y. H, and Chen, S. P.,(2013) Evolutionary history of Ebola virus, Epidemiology and infection, 142(6). pp.1-3. Online. DOI 10.1017/SO950268813002215 (Accessed 20 October 2014).Peters, C. J. and Ledue, J. W. 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