Case Study: Patient with Heart Burn

Case Study uncomplaining with Heart BurnThe enduring role is a 45 year old male with a history of eight weeks complaint of heart burn that worsens with lying down after dinner. The patient states that the pain lasts thirty minutes to two hours, and that it wakes him at night. Patient reports taking Maalox and Rolaids up to five times chance(a), however these still help for a minuscule time.Medical HistoryNo Known AllergiesHypertension for two yearsRheumatoid arthritis in hands and feet for one yearSocial HistoryPatient is married with three children. Patient drinks two beers daily for the past twenty years and smokes one pack per day for twenty years.Current medicationsPrednisone 20 mg orally dailyDiltiazem 240 mg orally dailyPiroxicam 30 mg orally dailyMulti- vitamin one orally dailyPhysical examinationT. = 99 RR=18 Pulse =77 BP = 127/76Weight 242 Height 59ENT EOMI, PERRLA, mild sputumCardiac normal S1 and S2 office slight dyspneaAbdomen soft, with mild pain (4 on 1-10 scale, with 10 being worst) to velocity quadrant below sternum.Genitourinary deferredRectal- deferredExtremities arthritic changes to hands tegument normalNeuro AAO times 3, normal DTRGastroesophageal wane disease is a condition in which stomach content leaks backward from the stomach into the esophagus. The signals argon heartburn, nausea, and vomitus this causes an inflammation of the esophagus and possibly the larynx. Complications can be esophageal ulcers, Barrett esophagitis, chronic cough, and can lead to infection and inflammation of the lungs. Diagnosis is typically made by symptoms, endoscopy, and esophageal acid tests (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011).GERD is ca utilise by a break down in the barrier between the esophagus and the stomach. There argon three main types of discussion that physicians consider when treating reflux disease. The treatment pull up stakes depend on the severity of the symptoms (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). With any patient suffering from GERD, in that location are lifestyle changes and dietary changes that are returnive in management of the disease (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Lifestyle changes that the patient can do are as followsStop smoking if tobacco products are used (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011)Taking antacids (of aluminum hydroxide content) (PubMed, 2012)Avoid food consumption within 2 hours of going to bed (PubMed, 2012)Avoid caffeinated beverages, chocolate, nicotine, alcohol, and peppermint (PubMed).proctor intake of hot and acidic foods (PubMed, 2012)Limit the amount of high fatty foods in the diet (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011)Eat 5 to 6 small meals during the day, instead of 3 large meals (PubMed, 2012)Monitor weight, as obesity increments the symptoms of GERD (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011)Elevate the head of the bed using a 6 to 8 inch block or a wedge low the mattress to enhance acid clearance when reclining (PubMed, 2012)Eat slowly and chew food thoroughly to enhance dige stion (PubMed, 2012)*Avoid restrictive clothing, lifting heavy objects, straining, working in a bent position, and stooping (PubMed, 2012).* Chewing gum, this increases saliva production and natural acid reduction (PubMed, 2012).The symptoms may be controlled with the medications however, the medical issue never goes away. Lifestyle changes are helpful in the overall treatment and control (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011).DiagnosisDiagnosis and treatment consist of a physical examination and history, esophageal motility testing, esophageal acid test, endoscopy (esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy or EGD), and possible biopsy to diagnosis Barretts (Ananal, 2012). The esophageal acid test is considered the gold standard for diagnosis (PubMed).Current medications and interactions related to GERDCalcium lineage blockers are classifications of medications used to treat hypertension. These medicates can weaken the lower esophageal sphincter, which can cause GERD (Hughes, Lockart, Joyce, 200 7)Corticosteroids in increased amounts have been associated with indigestion, heartburn, stomach pain and cramping, puking and diarrhea (Ananal, 2012).NSAIDs such as Piroxicam may cause abdominal cramping or severe pain, severe continuous heart burn and nausea. In combine with corticosteroids there is a higher risk of abdominal pain and the risk of stomach bleeding (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011).TreatmentTreatment can include elevation of the upper body when sleeping, diet changes, and avoid certain foods, eating little much frequent meals, and stop smoking and alcohol use (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Medical treatment will include antacids taken one hour after meals Tums and Rolaids are not recommended for regular use due to being a calcium carbonate. Histamine antagonist, such as Zantac, should be taken 30 minutes onward bedtime to prevent nocturnal acid breakthrough. Proton pump inhibitors, such as Prilosec, should be taken, one hour before the morning meal. Foa m barriers such as Gaviscon, work as a barrier to stomach acids and may be taken as needed for symptom relief, three times daily (Ananal, 2012).Antacids and alginic acid (Gaviscon) are the medicates of choice for quick relief of symptoms. These agents act primarily by rapidly increasing the ph of the stomachal refluxate. Alginic acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate in saliva to form sodium alginates. The sodium alginate floats on the top of the gastric contents where it acts as a mechanically skillful barrier, minimizing exposure of the esophagus to refluxate. H2 receptor blockers act by inhibiting histamine stimulation of the gastric parietal cells, thereby suppressing gastric acid secretion. They are most effective in suppressing nocturnal acid secretion. Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) strongly inhibit gastric acid secretion. They act by irreversibly inhibiting the H+ K+ adenosine Triphosphatase pump of the parietal cell. By blocking the final common pathway of gastric acid suppres sion compared with H2 receptor blockers. When prescribed appropriately to patients with severe symptoms or refractory disease, the PPIs are more cost effective because of their high healing and remission rate and the consequent prevention of complications (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011).Prescriptions1DATE__6/12/2014_____Patient name________ (M/F) AGE__45____Address____________ Weight__242____Prilosec 40 mg contraceptive pill 30Take one inking pad by mouth both morning before the morning meal for acid reflux controlRefill__1__ sig nature______________generic sub __Yes__ DEA__________2DATE__6/12/2014_____Patient name________ (M/F) AGE__45____Address____________ Weight__242____Zantac 75 mg defert 30Take one tablet by mouth every night 1 hour before bedtime for acid reflux controlRefill__1__ signature______________Generic sub __Yes__ DEA__________3DATE__6/12/2014_____Patient name________ (M/F) AGE__45____Address____________ Weight__242____Gaviscon 1 chewable tablet as needed f or heartburn relief 1 bottleTake one tablet by mouth three times daily as needed for relief of breakthrough heartburnRefill__1__ signature______________Generic sub __Yes__ DEA__________ReferencesAnanal, B. (2012). Peptic ulcer disease. Retrieved from Medscape.com http//www.medscape.com/article/181753Brunton, L., Chabner, B., Knollman, B. (2011). Goodman GilmansThe pharmacological basis of therapeutics (12 ed.). McGraw-Hill.Hughes, J., Lockart, J., Joyce, A. (2007). Do calcium antagonists contri alonee to gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and concomitant noncardiac chest pain? The British Pharmacological Society Journal. doi10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02851.xPubMed. (2012). Lifestyle changes as a treatment of gastroesophgeal reflux diseaseA survey of general practitioners. Retrieved from Pubmed.com http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article/PMC1661628PubMed. (n.d.). Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Retrieved from PubMed health http//www.nebi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH6001311Identifica tion of Didanosine ResultsIdentification of Didanosine ResultsDISCUSSIONThe procured sample of didanosine was tested for its identification. The drug sample showed compliance with the entropy given in B.P. and Clarkes which reflects its quality and purity. Quality and purity of sample was also confirmed by the manufacturer. The lipoids such as soyalecithin and cholesterin and all other excipients provided by the supplier confirmed by their identification test official in USP 24, IP and EP. All the excipients showed results in compliance with standard specifications.STANDARD CALIBRATION curved shape OF DIDANOSINEFrom the scanning of drug in 7.4 pH phosphate buffer was concluded that the drug had max of 249 nm. From the standard calibration curve of drug, it was concluded that drug obeys Beer-Lamberts police in concentration range of 0-20mcg/mL.R2 = 0.9995Correlation coefficient values indicated the linear correlation between concentration and absorbance.PREPARATION AND CHARACTE RIZATION OF LIPOSOMESAmong the various methods thin film hydration method is widely used on a laboratory scale. In this method the lipides are casted as stacks of film from their organic solution using dart rotary evaporator under reduced pressure and then the film is dispersed in an aqueous medium. This method yields the liposomes with a heterogeneous size distribution. Also the liposomes that are formed are multilamellar in nature with some unilamellar vesicles. (Vyas and Khar, 2002).Venkataram et al., 1990 have used PC to prepare liposomes in a drug to lipid ratio of 1 10. The temperature during preparation has been kept 40C as the glass transition temperature of PC is very low. The drug entrapment into the liposomes depends mainly on Drug Lipid ratio. In this study, the cholesterol and PC are selected as lipids in combination on basis of percent drug entrapped and rigidity (stability). S.Vemuri et al are stated that, cholesterol improves the fluidity of the bilayer membrane, reduces the permeability of water soluble molecules throught the membrane, and improve the stability of bilayer membrane in the presence of biological fluids such as blood/plasma. The hydration characteristic of lipid film was studied for different multitudees of liposomes and then liposomes were evaluated for % drug entrapment. From results of % drug entrapped of different batches of liposomes that were prepared and stability of liposomes under different temperature condition it was observed that as the dowery of cholesterol was increased there was subsequent increase in the stability and rigidity of liposomes but at the same time percentage drug entrapment reduced, out-of-pocket to reduction in phosphatydilcholine. Formulation F4 containing 70% of PC and 30% cholesterol showed maximum drug entrapment (29.41%) with satisfactory stability and rigidity i.e. showed spherical shape with only 1.86% of drug leaching at 25 after 30 days. However, when PC was further increased to 80% ke eping cholesterol to 20% there was increase in % drug entrapment but simultaneous decrease in stability and rigidity. The shape was lost and drug leaching was more i.e.10.25%.The data was also handle statistically by using one way digest (ANOVA) and found to be satisfactory significant difference (PPREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DIDANOSINE PROLIPOSOMESThe proliposomes of Didanosine were prepared by powder thin film hydration (New, 1990). present modified rotary evaporator unit was used as described by Lee et al., 1999. Different mail carriers like lactose, sodium chloride and lactose beads were used for preparation of proliposomes. Were hydrated with distilled water and the liposomes was analysed for % drug entrapped for different batches of proliposomes derived liposomes were as shown in the table 5.3. The Lipid carrier wave ratio was kept 1 10 as describe by Song et al., 2002.The proliposomes of lactose were quite free flowing compared to the lactose that was used to pr epare them and lactose proliposomes showed highest % drug entrapment (29.17). They were less sticky. Also as the amount of lipid i.e. lecithin was increased the proliposomes powder was found to be very sticky. This is because the lipid is sticky at room temperature.In case of sodium chloride the carrier was very free flowing but the proliposomes powder was very sticky compared to that made with either lactose or sorbitol. The speck size of the liposomes formed in sodium chloride and lactose beads was also greater than that formed with lactose. Here the carrier is non porous so major(ip)ity of the lipid has to be deposited over the on the surface of the carrier, thereby maximizing the possibility of agglomeration and also because sodium chloride is hygroscopic. So it can be said that such nonporous carriers are suitable only for high melting lipids. The results are in accordance with those observed by Payne et al.As the amount of lipid was increased in case of sodium chloride the pr oliposomes were found to be extremely sticky because they tend to agglomerate (Payne et al., 1986a). The entrapment of the proliposomes made by using sodium chloride as a carrier was very low compared to that of either lactose or lactose beads because of the effect of the monovalent cation Na+. Sodium ion has the effect of increasing the release of cyclosporine from the liposome and then it decreases the entrapment of drug in the liposomes (Al-Angary et al., 1995).The proliposomes of lactose beads were found to be very free flowing just like the lactose beads from which the proliposomes were prepared but the surface area available for surface less compared to lactose powder and sodium chloride so film formed is thick so it yields multilammelar liposomes.Based on the above results the carrier was finalized. In subsequent experiments Lactose was used as a carrier and the formulation was optimized by a 32 factorial design. The effect of the two self-sustaining variables viz. Drug Li pid ratio and Lipid Carrier ratio was studied on dependant variables like entrapment and mean blood cell size. All other processing factors like vacuum applied, speed of rotation of round bottom flask temperature, amount of surfactant etc were kept constant.OPTIMIZATION OF PROLIPOSOMESA prior knowledge and understanding of the process and the process variables under investigation are necessary for achieving a more realistic model. Based on the results of the preliminary experiments, drug lipid ratio was found to be a major variable in find out PDE and Lipid carrier ratio in determining the PMD. Hence, these variables were selected to find the optimized condition for higher PDE and PMD using 32 factorial design. By using 32 factorial designs, 9 batches of didanosine liposomes were prepared varying the two independent variables at three directs as recorded in the table. The prepared batches were evaluated for % drug entrapment (PDE) and mean part size, which were taken as depende nt variables and the results were recorded in the table A substantial high drug entrapment was achieved in liposomes of variable X1 (drug Lipid = 115) and X2 (Lipid Carrier = 115).EVALUATION STUDIES OF DIDANOSINE PROLIPOSOMESA) Microscopy of proliposomeThe microscopy of proliposomes revealed that the surface was smooth due to the coating of the lipid and some of the particles were agglomerated. The pictures of proliposomes are as shown in Figure. After hydration with deionized water a series of time-lapse photographs of proliposome hydration are as shown below in Figure. Here the physical composition of liposomes form proliposomes is shown. The results indicate that the process of dissolution/disintegration may occur by a progressive hydration of the lipid surface of the proliposome, taking the form of liposomes bud off from the central core of the proliposome until both hydration of the lipid and dissolution of the carrier is complete. Although only an imitation of the process of proliposome hydration (due to absence of hand shaking to aid proliposome dispersion), this glide slope was thought to offer a reasonable indication of the process (Payne et al., 1986b).Finally the liposomes are formed that are multilamellar with a heterogeneous size distribution. The photographs reveal the multilamellar nature (Figure). Also the Maltice crosses shown in Figure indicate that the vesicles are multilamellar in nature. Also there are many unilamellar vesicles.B) Scanning electron micrographs.The scanning electron micrographs of carriers and optimized batch of proliposomes made with different carriers were taken and are as shown in the Figure. From the SEM pictures it is evident that after coating the surface becomes somewhat smooth and the surface defects are no more visible and a thick coating is also seen in proliposomes compared to the carrier alone. After coating of lipid on the surface the particles looks quite fogged and smooth compared to the carrier.EVALUATION STUDIES OF PROLIPOSOME DERIVED LIPOSOMESA) % Drug entrappedBy using 32 factorial designs, 9 batches of didanosine liposomes were prepared varying the two independent variables. Various methods have been reported for determination of drug content in liposomes that involve separation of free drug from liposomes either by centrifugation or by dialysis or by sephadex column. Here the separation was affected by sephadex G25 column as reported by Guo et al., 2001. Here the PDE was calculated from the difference between the initial drug added and the drug detect after separation of the free drug. The results of various batches are as shown in the table.It was found that the % drug entrapped was highest when the Drug Lipid ratio was highest. Also the Lipid Carrier ratio was found to affect the entrapment of the drug into the liposomes. It was found that the highest % entrapment for all three levels of X2 was obtained at +1 level of X1 that is 21.37% at 1 level, 26.73% at 0 level and 30.89% at +1 level of X2. Graphical presentation figure shows the effect of the independent variable (drug lipid ratio) on % drug entrapped. The results indicate that as the drug to lipid ratio increases the entrapment of the drug in the liposomes increases, as didanosine is a hydrophilic drug, which finds place within the core.B) Particle size analysisParticle size analysis results of various batches of proliposome derived liposomes are as shown in the table. The results are expressed as particle mean diameter. The particle size of the liposomes decreases as the amount of the carrier increases because there is a greater surface area available for thin lipid film formation which gives rise to a small particle size compared to a thick film that is formed when the amount of carrier is decreased (Hwang et al., 1997).The graph (figure) represents the relationship between lipid carrier ratio on mean particle size. Mean particle size decreases as the lipid carrier ratio increases because as the surface area increases thin film formation occurs that gives rise to smaller particle size.C) Stability StudiesThe optimized formulation was subjected to stability studies at 40C, 250C, 450C for 60 days. They were evaluated for physical appearance, entrapment efficiency, drug content etc. All the results obtained are within the limits and no major changes were identified physically.